Cytomegalovirus Reactivations in Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation from HLA-Matched and Haploidentical Donors with Post-Transplantation Cyclophosphamide.

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) reactivations cause significant morbidity in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) recipients. Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) prophylaxis with post-transplantation cyclophosphamide (PTCy) is associated with an increased risk of CMV infections. Data are limited comparing HSCT with PTCy performed from matched sibling donors (MSDs), matched unrelated donors (MUDs), and haploidentical (Haplo) donors. In the present study, we aimed to characterize CMV reactivation and recurrence in patients with hematologic malignancies undergoing HSCT from MSD, MUD, and Haplo donors using PTCy as GVHD prophylaxis in the pre-letermovir era. We also analyzed risk factors of CMV reactivation, including GVHD as a time-dependent variable, on the incidence and mortality associated with CMV infections. We analyzed CMV reactivation in patients undergoing HSCT from 160 MSDs, 124 MUDs, and 82 Haplo donors from a single institution. Uniform GVHD prophylaxis with PTCy, sirolimus, and mycophenolate mofetil was given irrespective of donor type. Overall, 46% of patients had at least 1 CMV reactivation. The 1-year cumulative incidence of CMV infection was 39% for MSD, 44% for MUD, and 62% for Haplo donors (P < .001), with 96% of reactivations occurring before day +100. Multivariate analysis identified factors associated with the first CMV reactivation, including Haplo donor, positive recipient CMV serology, older patient age, and grade II-IV acute GVHD. The 1-year cumulative incidence of second reactivation from HSCT was 13%. Recipient CMV seropositivity, older patient age, and grade II-IV acute GVHD, but not type of donor, were identified as adverse factors for second CMV reactivation in multivariate analysis. The 1-year cumulative incidence of a third reactivation post HSCT was 4.4%. Ten cases of CMV disease were recorded, with no attributable deaths. Nevertheless, the risk for nonrelapse mortality was greater for patients who experienced CMV reactivation in multivariate time-dependent Cox model analysis. CMV reactivation is frequent in HSCT with PTCy in patients not receiving letermovir prophylaxis. Identified risk factors include the use of a Haplo donor, recipient CMV seropositivity, and grade II-IV acute GVHD. The prevalence of recurrent CMV reactivations is a noteworthy issue, especially after acute GVHD, warranting trials of secondary prophylaxis strategies.

IROCA-TES: Improving Quality in Radiation Oncology through Clinical Audits - Training and Education for Standardization.

Background: Clinical audits are an important tool to objectively assess clinical protocols, procedures, and processes and to detect deviations from good clinical practice. The main aim of this project is to determine adherence to a core set of consensus- based quality indicators and then to compare the institutions in order to identify best practices. Materials and methods: We conduct a multicentre, international clinical audit of six comprehensive cancer centres in Poland, Spain, Italy, Portugal, France, and Romania as a part of the project, known as IROCATES (Improving Quality in Radiation Oncology through Clinical Audits - Training and Education for Standardization). Results: Radiotherapy practice varies from country to country, in part due to historical, economic, linguistic, and cultural differences. The institutions developed their own processes to suit their existing clinical practice. Conclusions: We believe that this study will contribute to establishing the value of routinely performing multi-institutional clinical audits and will lead to improvement of radiotherapy practice at the participating centres.

An exploration of the motor unit behaviour during the concentric and eccentric phases of a squat task performed at different speeds.

Despite squatting being important in strength training and rehabilitation, few studies have investigated motor unit (MU) behaviour. This study explored the MU behaviour of vastus medialis (VM) and vastus lateralis (VL) during the concentric and eccentric phases of a squat exercise performed at two speeds. Twenty-two participants had surface dEMG sensors attached over VM and VL, and IMUs recorded thigh and shank angular velocities. Participants performed squats at 15 and 25 repetitions per minute in a randomised order, and EMG signals were decomposed into their MU action potential trains. A four factor (muscle × speed × contraction phase × sexes) mixed methods ANOVA revealed significant main effects for MU firing rates between speeds, between muscles and between sexes, but not contraction phases. Post hoc analysis showed significantly greater MU firing rates and amplitudes in VM. A significant interaction was seen between speed and the contraction phases. Further analysis revealed significantly greater firing rates during the concentric compared to the eccentric phases, and between speeds during the eccentric phase only. VM and VL respond differently during squatting depending on speed and contraction phase. These new insights in VM and VL MU behvaviour may be useful when designing training and rehabilitation protocols.

Functional Status of Patients over 65 Years Old Intervened on for a Hip Fracture One Year after the Operation.

OBJECTIVES: Evaluation of the functional status one year after a hip fracture surgery and the influence of sarcopenia and other clinical factors at the time of admission. METHOD: Prospective observational study with 135 patients over 65 years of age. Functional status of basic (modified Katz) and instrumental activities (Lawton and Brody) and walking ability (Functional Ambulation Classification, FAC) was measured on admission, at discharge, and telephonically one year later. The risk or positive screening of sarcopenia (SARC-F) and cognitive status (Pfeiffer), as well as clinical variables, were evaluated. RESULTS: 72% of patients are women; 36% have a risk of sarcopenia (Sarc-F ≥ 4), and 43% have moderate-severe cognitive impairment (Pfeiffer ≥ 5). Walking capacity at one year was closer to the values at admission more often in women than in men (0.2 ± 1.3 points vs. 0.9 ± 1.6; p = 0.001), as well as in patients without risk of sarcopenia versus sarcopenic patients (0.3 ± 1.2 points vs. 0.7 ± 1.7; p = 0.001), although their evolution did not show significant differences (p = 0.183). Instrumental activities after one year have not been recovered (1.7 ± 2.5 points; p = 0.032), and patients at risk of sarcopenia showed worse values (1.7 ± 1.9 points vs. 3.7 ± 2.7; p < 0.001) and worse evolution (p = 0.012). The evolution of basic activities varied according to the risk of sarcopenia (0.6 ± 1.4 points vs. 1.4 ± 2.1; p = 0.008). CONCLUSIONS: Functional status at one year is related to the functional status at admission, the positive screening of sarcopenia, sex, and cognitive impairment of the patient. Knowing at the time of admission an estimate of the functional status at one year will help to reinforce the individual treatment of patients with a worse prognosis.

Plasma Human Immunodeficiency Virus 1 RNA and CD4+ T-Cell Counts Are Determinants of Virological Nonsuppression Outcomes With Initial Integrase Inhibitor-Based Regimens: A Prospective RESPOND Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND: There are conflicting data regarding baseline determinants of virological nonsuppression outcomes in persons with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) starting antiretroviral treatment (ART). We evaluated the impact of different baseline variables in the RESPOND cohort. METHODS: We included treatment-naive participants aged ≥18 who initiated 3-drug ART, in 2014-2020. We assessed the odds of virological suppression (VS) at weeks 48 and 96 using logistic regression. Viral blips, low-level viremia (LLV), residual viremia (RV), and virological failure (VF) rates were assessed using Cox regression. RESULTS: Of 4310 eligible participants, 72% started integrase strand transfer inhibitor (INSTI)-based regimens. At 48 and 96 weeks, 91.0% and 93.3% achieved VS, respectively. At 48 weeks, Kaplan-Meier estimates of rates were 9.6% for viral blips, 2.1% for LLV, 22.2% for RV, and 2.1% for VF. Baseline HIV-1 RNA levels >100 000 copies/mL and CD4+ T-cell counts ≤200/µL were negatively associated with VS at weeks 48 (adjusted odds ratio, 0.51 [95% confidence interval, .39-.68] and .40 [.27-.58], respectively) and 96 and with significantly higher rates of blips, LLV, and RV. CD4+ T-cell counts ≤200/µL were associated with higher risk of VF (adjusted hazard ratio, 3.12 [95% confidence interval, 2.02-4.83]). Results were consistent in those starting INSTIs versus other regimens and those starting dolutegravir versus other INSTIs. CONCLUSIONS: Initial high HIV-1 RNA and low CD4+ T-cell counts are associated with lower rates of VS at 48 and 96 weeks and higher rates of viral blips, LLV, and RV. Low baseline CD4+ T-cell counts are associated with higher VF rates. These associations remain with INSTI-based and specifically with dolutegravir-based regimens. These findings suggest that the impact of these baseline determinants is independent of the ART regimen initiated.

Complete Chloroplast Genome of an Endophytic Ostreobium sp. (Ostreobiaceae) from the U.S. Virgin Islands.

We present the complete chloroplast genome sequence of an endophytic Ostreobium sp. isolated from a 19th-century coralline red algal specimen from St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands. The chloroplast genome is 84,848 bp in length, contains 114 genes, and has a high level of gene synteny to other Ostreobiaceae.

Diagnostics Using the Change-of-Direction and Acceleration Test (CODAT) of the Biomechanical Patterns Associated with Knee Injury in Female Futsal Players: A Cross-Sectional Analytical Study.

The primary aim of this study was to identify kinematic differences at initial contact between female futsal players with and without previous knee injury, using a functional motor pattern test. The secondary aim was to determine kinematic differences between the dominant and non-dominant limb in the whole group, using the same test. A cross-sectional study was performed in 16 female futsal players allocated into two groups: eight females with a previous knee injury, i.e., affected by the valgus collapse mechanism without surgical intervention, and eight with no previous injury. The evaluation protocol included the change-of-direction and acceleration test (CODAT). One registration was made for each lower limb, i.e., the dominant (the preferred kicking limb) and non-dominant limb. A 3D motion capture system (Qualisys AB, Göteborg, Sweden) was used to analyze the kinematics. The Cohen's d effect sizes between the groups demonstrated a strong effect size towards more physiological positions in the non-injured group in the following kinematics in the dominant limb: hip adduction (Cohen's d = 0.82), hip internal rotation (Cohen's d = 0.88), and ipsilateral pelvis rotation (Cohen's d = 1.06). The t-test for the dominant and non-dominant limb in the whole group showed the following differences in knee valgus: dominant limb (9.02 ± 7.31 degrees) and non-dominant limb (1.27 ± 9.05 degrees) (p = 0.049). Conclusions: The players with no previous history of knee injury had a more physiological position for avoiding the valgus collapse mechanism in the hip adduction and internal rotation, and in the pelvis rotation in the dominant limb. All the players showed more knee valgus in the dominant limb, which is the limb at greater risk of injury.

The accuracy of an electronic nose to diagnose tuberculosis in patients referred to an expert centre.

INTRODUCTION: An electronic nose (eNose) device has shown a high specificity and sensitivity to diagnose or rule out tuberculosis (TB) in the past. The aim of this study was to evaluate its performance in patients referred to INERAM. METHODS: Patients aged ≥15 years were included. A history, physical examination, chest radiography (CRX) and microbiological evaluation of a sputum sample were performed in all participants, as well as a 5-minute breath test with the eNose. TB diagnosis was preferably established by the gold standard and compared to the eNose predictions. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to assess potential risk factors for erroneous classification results by the eNose. RESULTS: 107 participants with signs and symptoms of TB were enrolled of which 91 (85.0%) were diagnosed with TB. The blind eNose predictions resulted in an accuracy of 50%; a sensitivity of 52.3% (CI 95%: 39.6-64.7%) and a specificity of 36.4% (CI 95%: 12.4-68.4%). Risk factors for erroneous classifications by the eNose were older age (multivariate analysis: OR 1.55, 95% CI 1.10-2.18, p = 0.012) and antibiotic use (multivariate analysis: OR 3.19, 95% CI 1.06-9.66, p = 0.040). CONCLUSION: In this study, the accuracy of the eNose to diagnose TB in a tertiary referral hospital was only 50%. The use of antibiotics and older age represent important factors negatively influencing the diagnostic accuracy of the eNose. Therefore, its use should probably be restricted to screening in high-risk communities in less complex healthcare settings.

[X-linked hypophosphatemic osteomalacia (XLH): Study of 5 adult patients]. / Osteomalacia hipofosfatémica ligada al cromosoma X (XLH): análisis de 5 pacientes adultos.

BACKGROUND: X-linked hypophosphatemic osteomalacia (XLH) is an inherited disorder that can cause highly disabling musculoskeletal comorbidities in adulthood. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the clinical-radiological characteristics, comorbidities and complications associated with the disease and treatment in an adult population with XLH. METHOD: Retrospective study of patients treated for XLH in a rheumatology department in the last 10 years, evaluating the clinical-radiological findings, comorbidities and associated complications. RESULTS: Five patients between 39 and 75 years of age were included. All had short stature, osteoarticular symptoms and radiological enthesopathy. Four patients had early degenerative arthropathy of the knees and hips, and dental alterations associated with their disease. All patients older than 50 years required some type of prosthetic replacement. Two patients had femoral stress fractures, one had renal lithiasis and another developed tertiary hyperparathyroidism. CONCLUSIONS: Musculoskeletal manifestations are frequent and disabling in the adult population with XLH, so proper diagnosis and management from childhood are essential to prevent the development of complications in adulthood associated with this disease.

Biological treatment interruption in inflammatory bowel disease: Motivation and predictive factors.

BACKGROUND: Loss-of-response and adverse events (AE) to biologics have been linked to HLA-DQA1*05 allele. However, the clinical factors or biologic used may influence treatment duration. Our objective was to evaluate the influence of clinical and therapeutic factors, along with HLA, in biological treatment discontinuation. METHODS: A retrospective study of consecutive IBD patients treated with biologics between 2007 and 2011 was performed. Main outcome was treatment discontinuation due to primary non-response (PNR), secondary loss of response (SLR) or AE. HLA-DQA1 genotyping was done in all patients. Regression analyses were used to assess risk factors of treatment discontinuation. RESULTS: One hundred fifty patients (61% male) with 312 biologic treatments were included. 147 (47%) were discontinued with a cumulative probability of 30%, 41% and 56% at 1, 2 and 5 years. The use of infliximab (p=0.006) and articular manifestations (p<0.05) were associated with treatment discontinuation. Considering cause of withdrawal, Ulcerative Colitis (UC) had a higher proportion of PNR (HR=4.99; 95% CI=1.71-14.63; p=0.003), SLR was higher if biologics had been indicated due to disease flare (HR=2.32; 95% CI=1.05-5.09; p=0.037) while AE were greater with infliximab (HR=2.46; 95% CI=1.48-4.08; p<0.001) or spondylitis (HR=2.46; 95% CI=1.78-6.89; p<0.001). According to the biological drug, HLA-DQA1*05 with adalimumab showed more SLR in cases with Crohn's disease (HR=3.49; 95% CI=1.39-8,78; p=0.008) or without concomitant immunomodulator (HR=2.8; 95% CI=1.1-6.93; p=0.026). CONCLUSIONS: HLA-DQ A1*05 was relevant in SLR of IBD patients treated with adalimumab without immunosupression. In patients treated with other biologics, clinical factors were more important for treatment interruption, mainly extensive UC or extraintestinal manifestations and having indicated the biologic for flare.

Safety and feasibility of transradial access for percutaneous coronary intervention in chronic total occlusions.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Transfemoral access is the most frequently used vascular approach in chronic total occlusion percutaneous coronary interventions (CTO-PCI). The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety and feasibility of a transradial access CTO-PCI program and its impact on angiographic and clinical results and length of hospital stay. METHODS: Retrospective multicenter cohort study including 2550 consecutive CTO-PCI procedures included in a multicenter registry with accurate information on vascular access. A total of 896 procedures were performed as radial-only access while 1654 were performed through at least 1 femoral puncture. Clinical and angiographic data were collected. RESULTS: The mean age was 66.3± 11.4 years. The mean Japan-chronic total occlusion score (2.7±0.3) was similar in the 2 groups. Successful revascularization was achieved in 2009 (79.6%) cases, 78.2% and 82.1% in the femoral and radial access cohorts, respectively (P=.002). Periprocedural in-hospital complications were observed in 5.1% and 2.3% (P=.02), with fewer access site-dependant vascular complications in the transradial cohort (2.3% vs 0.2%; P=.009). The mean length of hospital stay was significantly shorter in the transradial access group (0.89±1.4 vs 2.2±3.2 days, P<.001). CONCLUSIONS: A transradial program for CTO-PCI is safe and effective in most CTO lesions. The transradial strategy has fewer vascular complications and shorter length of hospital stay without compromising the success rate.

Sensitisation to Pollen Allergens in Children and Adolescents of Different Ancestry Born and Living in the Same Area.

Background: Allergy can start at early ages, with genetic and environmental factors contributing to its development. Aim: The study aimed to describe the pattern of sensitisation and allergy in children and adolescents of Spanish versus Moroccan ancestry but born in the same rural area of Spain. Methods: Participants were children and adolescents (3-19 years) of Spanish or Moroccan descent, born in Blanca, Murcia (Spain). A detailed questionnaire was completed, and skin prick tests were performed to assess reactions to the most prevalent pollen allergens (O. europaea, P. pratense, S. kali, C. arizonica, P. acerifolia, A. vulgaris and P. judaica) plus molecular components Ole e 1 and Ole e 7. The association with ancestry was verified by studying participants' parents. Results: The study included 693 participants: 48% were aged 3-9 years and 52%, 10-19 years; 80% were of Spanish descent and 20% of Moroccan descent. Sensitisation to Olea europaea, Phleum pratense, Salsola kali and Cupressus arizonica were slightly higher in the Spanish group. The only significant differences were observed in sensitisation to Ole e 1 (p=0.02). Rhinitis, conjunctivitis, and rhinitis plus asthma were significantly higher in the Spanish group (p=0.03, p=0.02, p=0.007, respectively). The sensitisation pattern differed between Spanish and Moroccan parents, and between Moroccan parents and their children, but not between Spanish parents and their children. Conclusion: Both environment and ancestry may influence sensitisation and symptoms. Although the environment seems to have a stronger influence, other factors may contribute to the differences in prevalence and in the clinical entities in people of Spanish versus Moroccan descent.

Association of Patient Belief About Success of Antibiotics for Appendicitis and Outcomes: A Secondary Analysis of the CODA Randomized Clinical Trial.

Importance: A patient's belief in the likely success of a treatment may influence outcomes, but this has been understudied in surgical trials. Objective: To examine the association between patients' baseline beliefs about the likelihood of treatment success with outcomes of antibiotics for appendicitis in the Comparison of Outcomes of Antibiotic Drugs and Appendectomy (CODA) trial. Design, Setting, and Participants: This was a secondary analysis of the CODA randomized clinical trial. Participants from 25 US medical centers were enrolled between May 3, 2016, and February 5, 2020. Included in the analysis were participants with appendicitis who were randomly assigned to receive antibiotics in the CODA trial. After informed consent but before randomization, participants who were assigned to receive antibiotics responded to a baseline survey including a question about how successful they believed antibiotics could be in treating their appendicitis. Interventions: Participants were categorized based on baseline survey responses into 1 of 3 belief groups: unsuccessful/unsure, intermediate, and completely successful. Main Outcomes and Measures: Three outcomes were assigned at 30 days: (1) appendectomy, (2) high decisional regret or dissatisfaction with treatment, and (3) persistent signs and symptoms (abdominal pain, tenderness, fever, or chills). Outcomes were compared across groups using adjusted risk differences (aRDs), with propensity score adjustment for sociodemographic and clinical factors. Results: Of the 776 study participants who were assigned antibiotic treatment in CODA, a total of 425 (mean [SD] age, 38.5 [13.6] years; 277 male [65%]) completed the baseline belief survey before knowing their treatment assignment. Baseline beliefs were as follows: 22% of participants (92 of 415) had an unsuccessful/unsure response, 51% (212 of 415) had an intermediate response, and 27% (111 of 415) had a completely successful response. Compared with the unsuccessful/unsure group, those who believed antibiotics could be completely successful had a 13-percentage point lower risk of appendectomy (aRD, -13.49; 95% CI, -24.57 to -2.40). The aRD between those with intermediate vs unsuccessful/unsure beliefs was -5.68 (95% CI, -16.57 to 5.20). Compared with the unsuccessful/unsure group, those with intermediate beliefs had a lower risk of persistent signs and symptoms (aRD, -15.72; 95% CI, -29.71 to -1.72), with directionally similar results for the completely successful group (aRD, -15.14; 95% CI, -30.56 to 0.28). Conclusions and Relevance: Positive patient beliefs about the likely success of antibiotics for appendicitis were associated with a lower risk of appendectomy and with resolution of signs and symptoms by 30 days. Pathways relating beliefs to outcomes and the potential modifiability of beliefs to improve outcomes merit further investigation. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02800785.

[Type 2 diabetes. Is it possible to achieve the glycemic goal in real life?] / Diabetes Tipo 2 ¿en la vida real es posible lograr la meta glucémica?

INTRODUCTION: Achieving glycemic control in type 2 diabetes(T2D) prevents or delays chronic complications and extends survival. AIM: to analyze metabolic control goals in adults with T2DM, treated by specialists in their usual practice in Argentina, and their relationship with adherence to prescribed medications, different treatment strategies, time of diagnosis, quality of life variables and presence of chronic complications of T2DM. METHODS: cross-sectional design; multicenter study conducted in 28 centers in Argentina during 2018. The sample was selected randomly and systematically. Morisky-Green-Levine and WHO-5 adherence questionnaire for quality of life was applied. History of disease and laboratory markers were analyzed. RESULTS: of 1329 DMT2 cases included, 60.2% achieved the goal. Regarding pharmacological treatment in diabetes: 5.1% were without medication, 47.5% with 1 drug, 34.5% with 2, 12.9% with 3 or more; in turn, with insulin (alone or combined) 38.1%. According to the questionnaire, 68.4% adhered to treatment and 72.6% reached A1C <7%. Among the non-adherents, 27.4% reached the goal. Achieving the glycemic goal was associated with age = 65 years (p < 0.0001), higher adherence score (p < 0.0001), private health insurance (p < 0.0001), and physical activity (p < 0.02). The worst metabolic control was associated with time of DMT2 diagnosis (p <0.0001), insulin therapy (p < 0.0001) and symptoms of depression (p < 0.002) Conclusions: The youngest and most vulnerable presented lower values for adherence; intervening and intensifying the treatment earlier in them would allow better results.

Lograr control glucémico en diabetes tipo 2 (DMT2) previene, o enlentece las complicaciones crónicas y prolonga la supervivencia. Objetivo: analizar metas de control metabólico en adultos con DMT2 tratados por especialistas en Argentina y su relación con la adherencia a la medicación prescrita, las diferentes estrategias de tratamiento, la antigüedad de la enfermedad, las variables de calidad de vida y presencia de complicaciones crónicas de DMT2. Métodos: diseño transversal; estudio multicéntrico realizado en 28 centros de Argentina durante 2018. La muestra se seleccionó en forma aleatoria y sistemática. Se aplicó cuestionario de adherencia Morisky-Green-Levine y OMS-5 para calidad de vida. Se analizaron antecedentes de enfermedad y marcadores de laboratorio. Resultados: de 1329 casos de DMT2 incluidos, el 60.2% logró la meta. Respecto al tratamiento farmacológico en diabetes: el 5.1% estaba sin medicación, 47.5% con 1 fármaco, el 34.5% con 2, el 12.9% con 3 o más; a su vez, con insulina (sola o combinada) el 38.1%. Según cuestionario, adhería al tratamiento el 68.4% y el 72.6% alcanzó A1C < 7%. Entre los no adherentes, alcanzó la meta glucémica el 27.4%. Lograr esta meta se asoció con edad mayor de 65 años (p < 0.0001), mayor score de adherencia (p < 0.0001), tener medicina prepaga (p < 0.0001), y realizar actividad física (p < 0.02). El peor control metabólico se asoció con antigüedad de DMT2 (p < 0.0001), insulinoterapia (p < 0.0001) y síntomas de depresión (p < 0.002) Conclusiones: Los más jóvenes y los más vulnerables presentaron menor adherencia; en ellos intervenir e intensificar tratamiento más tempranamente permitiría mejores resultados.

Functional trajectories associated with acute illness and hospitalization in oldest old patients: Impact on mortality.

Background: The literature pays low attention to functional changes during acute illness in older patients. Our main objectives were to separately describe the different functional changes occurring before and after hospital admission in oldest old medical patients, to investigate their association with mortality, and identify predictors associated with in-hospital failure to recover function. Methods: Secondary analysis of data from a prospective cohort study conducted in a tertiary teaching hospital. The study followed the STROBE criteria. The sample included 604 consecutive patients aged 65 or older hospitalized for acute illness, discharged alive, and not fully dependent at baseline. Activities of daily living measured at baseline, admission, and discharge were used to classify patients into four functional trajectories depending on whether they decline or remain stable between baseline and admission (prehospital) and whether they decline, remain stable, or recover baseline function between admission and discharge (in-hospital). Multivariate models were used to test the association between functional trajectories with mortality, and predictors for in-hospital recovery. Results: Functional trajectories were: "stable-stable" (18%); "decline-recovery" (18%); "decline-no recovery" (53%); "in-hospital decline" (11%). Prehospital decline occurred in 75% and 64% were discharged with worse function than baseline. "In-hospital decline" and "decline-no recovery" trajectories were independently associated with higher 6- and 12-month mortality. Extent of prehospital decline and dementia were predictors of failure to in-hospital recovery. Conclusion: In acutely ill older people, differentiating between prehospital and in-hospital functional changes has prognostic implications. Lack of functional regain at discharge is associated with higher mortality at 6- and 12-months.

Diabetes tipo 2 ¿En la vida real es posible lograr la meta glucémica? / Type 2 Diabetes. Is it possible to achieve the glycemic goal in real life?

Resumen Lograr control glucémico en diabetes tipo 2 (DMT2) previene, o enlentece las complicaciones crónicas y prolonga la supervivencia. Objetivo: analizar metas de control metabólico en adultos con DMT2 tratados por especialistas en Argentina y su relación con la adherencia a la medicación prescrita, las diferentes estrategias de tratamiento, la antigüedad de la enfermedad, las variables de calidad de vida y pre sencia de complicaciones crónicas de DMT2. Métodos: diseño transversal; estudio multicéntrico realizado en 28 centros de Argentina durante 2018. La muestra se seleccionó en forma aleatoria y sistemática. Se aplicó cuestionario de adherencia Morisky-Green-Levine y OMS-5 para calidad de vida. Se analizaron antecedentes de enfermedad y marcadores de laboratorio. Resultados: de 1329 casos de DMT2 incluidos, el 60.2% logró la meta. Respecto al tratamiento farmacológico en diabetes: el 5.1% estaba sin medicación, 47.5% con 1 fármaco, el 34.5% con 2, el 12.9% con 3 o más; a su vez, con insulina (sola o combinada) el 38.1%. Según cuestionario, adhería al tratamiento el 68.4% y el 72.6% alcanzó A1C < 7%. Entre los no adherentes, alcan zó la meta glucémica el 27.4%. Lograr esta meta se asoció con edad mayor de 65 años (p < 0.0001), mayor score de adherencia (p < 0.0001), tener medicina prepaga (p < 0.0001), y realizar actividad física (p < 0.02). El peor control metabólico se asoció con antigüedad de DMT2 (p < 0.0001), insulinoterapia (p < 0.0001) y síntomas de depresión (p < 0.002) Conclusiones: Los más jóvenes y los más vulnerables presentaron menor adherencia; en ellos intervenir e intensificar tratamiento más tempranamente permitiría mejores resultados.

Abstract Introduction: Achieving glycemic control in type 2 diabetes(T2D) prevents or delays chronic complications and extends survival. Aim: to analyze metabolic control goals in adults with T2DM, treated by specialists in their usual practice in Argentina, and their relationship with adherence to prescribed medications, different treatment strategies, time of diagnosis, quality of life variables and presence of chronic complications of T2DM. Methods: cross-sectional design; multicenter study conducted in 28 centers in Argentina during 2018. The sample was selected randomly and systematically. Morisky-Green-Levine and WHO-5 adherence questionnaire for quality of life was applied. History of disease and laboratory markers were analyzed. Results: of 1329 DMT2 cases included, 60.2% achieved the goal. Regarding pharmacological treatment in diabetes: 5.1% were without medication, 47.5% with 1 drug, 34.5% with 2, 12.9% with 3 or more; in turn, with insulin (alone or combined) 38.1%. According to the questionnaire, 68.4% adhered to treatment and 72.6% reached A1C <7%. Among the non-adherents, 27.4% reached the goal. Achieving the glycemic goal was associated with age ≥ 65 years (p < 0.0001), higher adherence score (p < 0.0001), private health insurance (p < 0.0001), and physical activity (p < 0.02). The worst metabolic control was associated with time of DMT2 diagnosis (p<0.0001), insulin therapy (p < 0.0001) and symptoms of depression (p < 0.002) Conclusions: The youngest and most vulnerable presented lower values for adherence; intervening and intensifying the treatment earlier in them would allow better results.

Drowning Accidents in a Spanish Pediatric Intensive Care Unit: An Observational Study for 29 Years.

INTRODUCTION: Drowning is one of the most frequent accidents in children. We aimed to describe demographic and epidemiological characteristics of drowned children who required admission to a pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) to identify risk factors to guide possible preventive measures to avoid severe drowning. METHODS: We conducted an observational study for 29 years (retrospective between 1991 and 2004; prospective between 2005 and 2019) that included all children (0-15 years old) requiring PICU admission after drowning. Data regarding patient characteristics, accident circumstances, and neurological outcomes at PICU discharge were analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 160 patients were included, with no significant decrease over the study period. There was a predominance of males (75%), young age (60%; 1-5 years), summer months (91.1%; May-September), tourists (14.12 [95% confidence interval, 9.2-21.7] times higher risk of drowning than residents), swimming pool accidents (88.8%), and inadequate supervision (77.9%). The mortality was 18.7%, and 7.5% of admitted children had severe neurological sequelae. The initial resuscitation maneuvers by accident witnesses were incorrect in nearly half of the patients in whom these could be analyzed. CONCLUSIONS: Emphasis should be placed on implementing preventive measures, focused on the described risk groups, and insisting on adequate supervision, swimming training programs, and training of the general population in safe rescue and cardiopulmonary resuscitation.

¿Es el colesterol no-HDL un indicador de riesgo cardiovascular en las personas con diabetes mellitus? / Is non-HDL cholesterol a risk marker for cardiovascular atherosclerotic disease in diabetes mellitus?

La diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2) es un factor de riesgo cardiovascular (FRCV) mayor. La DM confiere dos a cuatro veces más riesgo cardiovascular (RCV). El riesgo es aún más elevado en el paciente con DM2 que ha sufrido un infarto agudo de miocardio (IAM) o un accidente cerebrovascular (ACV). La dislipidemia de la DM2 consiste en triglicéridos elevados de ayuno, con mayor excursión posprandial, bajos niveles de HDLc, y alteraciones cuantitativas y cualitativas de LDLc y HDLc. El control glucémico apropiado en DM2 mejora en gran medida las alteraciones lipoproteicas. La terapia hipolipemiante es clave para reducir el RCV en la DM2. La reducción del RCV que se consigue con estatinas se basa en la reducción del LDLc y sus efectos pleiotrópicos. En pacientes que persisten con el perfil lipídico alterado, a pesar de dosis altas de estatinas, se debe considerar el agregado de otros agentes hipolipemiantes para reducir las lipoproteínas aterogénicas.

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a major cardiovascular risk factor (CVRF). Diabetes confers two to four times more cardiovascular risk (CVR). The risk is even higher in patients with T2D who have suffered an acute myocardial infarction (AMI) or cerebrovascular accident (CVA). The dyslipidemia of T2D consists of high fasting triglycerides, with greater postprandial excursion, low levels of HDLc and qualitative alterations of LDLc and HDLc. Appropriate glycemic control in T2D greatly improves lipoprotein abnormalities. Lipid-lowering therapy is key to reducing CVR in T2D. The CVR reduction achieved with statins is based on the reduction of LDLc. In patients who persist with an altered lipid profile despite highdose statins, the addition of other lipid-lowering agents to reduce atherogenic lipoproteins may be considered.